Understanding Cervical Screening: What You Need to Know

One essential aspect of women's health is cervical screening, a vital tool in preventing cervical cancer. In Australia, cervical screening is recommended for women aged 25 to 74, every 5 years, so it's crucial to understand what it involves and why it's important.

What is a Cervical Screening Test?

Formerly known as the Pap smear, the cervical screening test is a simple procedure that checks for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the cervix. HPV is a common virus that can cause changes in the cells of the cervix, potentially leading to cervical cancer. Detecting HPV early through screening allows for timely intervention and treatment, reducing the risk of cervical cancer.

The test can most commonly be undertaken by your doctor who will perform a speculum internal exam. This involves inserting a speculum into the vagina, allowing for direct vision of the cervix to take swabs for HPV. If HPV is detected, this sample can be examined by liquid-based cytology to screen for abnormal cell changes in the cells of the cervix.

Understanding HPV

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses transmitted through sexual contact. While most HPV infections clear on their own without causing any symptoms or harm, certain high-risk types can lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. The cervical screening test aims to detect these high-risk HPV types early, enabling healthcare providers to monitor or treat abnormal cell changes before they progress to cancer.

HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, with around 40 types affecting the genital area. While most HPV infections resolve on their own without causing any symptoms, some high-risk types, notably HPV 16 and 18, are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases worldwide. Additionally, other high-risk types

HPV 16 and 18 are considered the most concerning types due to their strong association with cervical cancer and other cancers of the genital area, including vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. These types are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. However, it's important to note that other high-risk HPV types such as HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 are also associated with cervical cancer, albeit less frequently.

HPV Vaccination: Protecting Against Cervical Cancer

The HPV vaccine vaccine protects against the most common high-risk HPV types, including HPV 16 and 18, significantly reducing the risk of HPV-related cancers.

What Happens if Your Test is Positive?

Receiving a positive result on your cervical screening test can be concerning, but it's essential to remember that it doesn't mean you have cervical cancer. Instead, it indicates that HPV was detected in your genital tract. In most cases, the immune system clears the virus naturally within one to two years. However, if the infection persists, it can cause abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix.

If your test is positive for HPV or shows changes in the cells of the cervix we will repeat your cervical screening test in 12 months. If you have HPV present or cell changes on two consecutive tests, your GP will refer you to Gynaecology for further evaluation, usually through a procedure called a colposcopy. During a colposcopy, a special magnifying instrument called a colposcope is used to closely examine the cervix for any abnormal areas. Depending on the findings, your gynaecologist may perform a biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken for analysis.

Cervical Cancer Awareness

While a positive cervical screening test may cause anxiety, it's important to remember that early detection and treatment can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Regular screening, vaccination against HPV, and practicing safe sex are essential steps in preventing cervical cancer and maintaining overall health.

In conclusion, cervical screening is a vital component of women's health screening in Australia.

If you have any concerns or questions about cervical screening, HPV, or cervical cancer, don't hesitate to speak with your healthcare provider. Your health and wellbeing are paramount, and regular screening plays a crucial role.